Sea Silk (Bisso)

From Wikipedia - ...
China never managed to reach the Roman Empire directly in antiquity, although general Ban Chao sent Gan Ying as an envoy to "Daqin" in 97 AD. Gan Ying did not reach Daqin, he stopped at the coast of a large sea, because "sailor(s) of the Parthian west border" told him that the voyage to cross the sea might take a long time and be dangerous. Gan Ying left a detailed account of the Roman Empire, but it is generally considered to have been based on second hand information:
The Kingdom of Da Qin (the Roman Empire) is also called Lijian. As it is found to the west of the sea, it is also called the Kingdom of Haixi ("West of the Sea"). The territory extends for several thousands of li. It has more than four hundred walled towns. There are several tens of smaller dependent kingdoms. The walls of the towns are made of stone. They have established postal relays at intervals, which are all plastered and whitewashed. There are pines and cypresses, as well as trees and plants of all kinds.
- Gan Ying gives a very idealistic view of Roman governance which is likely the result of some story he was told while visiting the Persian Gulf in 97 AD. He also described, less fancifully, Roman products:
Their kings are not permanent. They select and appoint the most worthy man. If there are unexpected calamities in the kingdom, such as frequent extraordinary winds or rains, he is unceremoniously rejected and replaced. The one who has been dismissed quietly accepts his demotion, and is not angry. The people of this country are all tall and honest. They resemble the people of the Middle Kingdom and that is why this kingdom is called Da Qin. This country produces plenty of gold [and] silver, [and of] rare and precious [things] they have luminous jade, 'bright moon pearls,' Haiji rhinoceroses, coral, yellow amber, opaque glass, whitish chalcedony, red cinnabar, green gemstones, gold-thread embroideries, woven gold-threaded net, delicate polychrome silks painted with gold, and asbestos cloth.
They also have a fine cloth which some people say is made from the down of 'water sheep' [sea silk], but which is made, in fact, from the cocoons of wild silkworms (wild silk). They blend all sorts of fragrances, and by boiling the juice, make a compound perfume. [They have] all the precious and rare things that come from the various foreign kingdoms. They make gold and silver coins. Ten silver coins are worth one gold coin. They trade with Anxi [Parthia] and Tianzhu [North-western India] by sea. The profit margin is ten to one. . . . The king of this country always wanted to send envoys to the Han, but Anxi [Parthia], wishing to control the trade in multi-coloured Chinese silks, blocked the route to prevent [the Romans] getting through [to China].

Moving sand dunes on Mars

Moving Sand Dunes on Mars, by Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

Abstract: It was recently announced that the sand dunes on Mars can move. This important result was obtained by means of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), the camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The images, recorded three years apart, of the dunes in the Nili Patera caldera show that they move. Here we compare an image HiRISE of 2007 with an image of 1999 recorded by the Mars Global Surveyor. Therefore, with the help of Gimp, the GNU image processing software to enhance the images, we can see and measure the motion of the dunes during a longer period of time.

A dune on Mars which is moving. In the Nili Patera caldera.

199 on the left, 2007 on the right

More details and article at:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/162390676/Moving-Sand-Dunes-on-Mars

Peruvian dunes (Google Earth)

http://staff.polito.it/amelia.sparavigna/DUNE/

"Moving Dunes on the Google Earth" at http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1290

(where I show how to use the time series of the Google Earth to estimate the motion of the barchans. I discuss also how to use reference points and adjust the Google images to have a "movie")

"A Study of Moving Sand Dunes by Means of Satellite Images"

at http://www.ijsciences.com/pub/article/229 

From Google Earth to Tatooine

Today (11 August 2013)  I found this article entitled "Star Wars home of Anakin Skywalker threatened by dune" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23375344
It is told that "Sand dunes migrating over the Tunisian desert are poised to bury a famous Star Wars film set. The buildings of the fictional city Mos Espa featured in The Phantom Menace, "Episode I" of the Jedi saga. Sited on the planet Tatooine, this was the home of the young Anakin Skywalker ... Scientists have used the dwellings as a fixed geographic reference to measure the migration of giant wind-blown crescent-shaped dunes, or barchans. They have published details in the journal Geomorphology." The paper is in press, and you can see it at  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X13003486
BBC continues "Ralph Lorenz, from Johns Hopkins University, ...  visited the Mos Espa site in 2009, and noted that part of a nearby set used in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope had already been overrun. Using satellite images of the site, they were able to determine the speed of dune movement, which is approaching the buildings once inhabited by such luminaries as Anakin, his slave owner Watto, and rival podracer Sebulba".
Before these "Dunes on the planet Tatooine",  on 4 January 2013 it was published  my "Moving Dunes on the Google Earth", as you can find at http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1290, where I showed how to use the time series of the Google Earth to estimate the motion of the barchans. I used the barchans in Peru. I have also  discussed how to use reference points and adjust the Google images to have a "movie".
It seems that the authors of "Dunes on planet Tatooine: Observation of barchan migration at the Star Wars film set in Tunisia" do not know my "Moving dunes on the Google Earth" because my paper is not cited.
Therefore I cite myself!

And show you a "movie" of the barchan which is threatening Luke Skywalker's home.

More movies http://staff.polito.it/amelia.sparavigna/DUNE/

Moving sand dunes on the Google Earth

"Moving dunes on the Google Earth" is my paper on arXiv, published 4 January 2013. It shows how using GH time series you can see the motion of dunes. Here an example.

To see a movie, please visit Moving sand dunes ... post

http://physics-sparavigna.blogspot.it/2013/06/moving-sand-dunes-on-google-earth.html

Dharmadhatu

Dharmadhatuvagishvara Manjushri, gilded bronze, Nepal, 19th century

MAO, Museo d'Arte Orientale, Torino

Angeli e Demoni

 

Il Tibet al Museo d'Arte Orientale di Torino

Amenhotep II

Amenhotep II (Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III.  His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC.

Museo Egizio Torino

Kongorikishi

"Kongōrikishi (金剛力士) or Niō (仁王) are two wrath-filled and muscular guardians of the Buddha, standing today at the entrance of many Buddhist temples all across Asia including China, Japan and Korea in the form of frightening wrestler-like statues.
They are manifestations of the Bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi protector deity and the oldest and most powerful of the Mahayana pantheon. According to Japanese tradition, they travelled with the historical Buddha to protect him and there are references to this in the Theravada Scriptures as well as the Ambatta Sutta. Within the generally pacifist tradition of   Buddhism, stories of Niō guardians like Kongōrikishi justified the use of  physical force to protect cherished values and beliefs against evil. Nio-Vajrapani is also seen as a manifestation of Mahasthamaprapta or the Bodhisattva of Power that flanks Amida in the Pure Land Tradition and as Vajrasattva, the Dharmapala of the Tibetan tradition...

...Kongōrikishi are a possible case of the transmission of the image of the Greek hero Heracles to East Asia along the Silk Road.  Heracles was used in Greco-Buddhist art to represent Vajrapani, the protector of the Buddha (See also Image), and his representation
was then used in China and Japan to depict the protector gods of Buddhist temples. This transmission is part of the wider Greco-Buddhist syncretic phenomenon, where Buddhism interacted with the Hellenistic  culture of Central Asia from the 4th century BC to the 4th century AD.[4]

Source: Wikipedia

See also http://stretchingtheboundaries.blogspot.it/2011/04/kongo-rikishi.html

Solar orientation of Ales Stenar

Ales Stenar and the direction of the sun during the day as given by sollumis.com, on the Winter and Summer solstices. The image shows a good agreement with the solar orientation suggested in

Andrew M. Kobos, January/February, 2001. Ales Stenar: When? Who? What for?,

http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/as/aleseng.html

More 

On the solar orientation of Ales Stenar site, A.C. Sparavigna

PORTO, POLITO, http://porto.polito.it/2507517/

and also
http://stretchingtheboundaries.blogspot.it/2012/04/ales-stone-boat.html

UPDATE AND UPGRADE (2016)

To see Ales Stenar and its orientaton to the MOON see this:

http://stretchingtheboundaries.blogspot.it/2016/09/ales-stenar-and-moon.html

Monumentum anacyranum

Index rerum a se gestarum: sive Monumentum anacyranum. Ex reliquiis Graecae interpretationis

The name Monumentum Ancyranum refers to the Temple of Augustus and Rome in Ancyra (modern Ankara, Turkey), or to the inscription Res Gestae Divi Augusti, a text recounting the deeds of the first Roman emperor Augustus, the most intact copy of which is preserved on the walls of this temple.

The Roman Centuriation in the Middlesex District

The Roman Centuriation in the Middlesex District. (Brentford Printing and » 20 Jun 1908 » The Spectator Archive

The Roman Centuriation in the Middlesex District.
(Brentford Printing and Publishing Company. 3s. 6&)—

This is an addendum to Mr. Montagu Sharpe'e "Antiquities of Middlesex" A centuria was a square plot of land containing fifty iugera, equivalent to thirty-one and a quarter acres. This was the measure used in dividing the land of a conquered country. Each Roman citizen had four centuriac ; part was restored to the natives ; odd bits and unoccupied lands were leased out; forests, &c., were dealt with on the same principles. Mr. Sharpe writes about the details of this division—boundaries, landmarks, &c.—and applies his deductions to the Middlesex region, with some portions of the adjoining counties. He makes out eight territories (named "Break- spear's," "Colne," "Pontes "—these are in the west—" Ridge," "Sulloniacae," " Harrow," " Home," "Lea "). We cannot discuss the details, but we may point out a highly interesting list of landmarks as related to the road system given on p. 14.

More at
http://www.cantab.net/users/michael.behrend/repubs/sharpe_middx/pages/ehr.html

"Evidence that this area had been settled by a Romano-British agricultural population was obtained in this way. For some time past it had been noticed that many fragments of its ancient rural ways ran in parallel lines, and were crossed at right angles by similar ones, which in the several districts of the county were distinguished by a different orientation. Thus in the northeastern division the direction of the cardinal ways was from north to south: in the southern portion between the Brent and the Lea rivers, and into Essex, they pointed south-south-east. Over the south-western area and beyond the Colne into Buckinghamshire the course was south by west, and in the north-western district they were again south-south-east. Passing into that part of the Middlesaxon province lying south of the upper Colne and Lea, but now in Hertfordshire, the two orientations were {490} respectively south-east by south, and south by east. A further feature was that many crossways occurred at equal intervals, and along one road five in succession were found at distances of 120 Roman poles or 388 yards, two being roads, two foot paths, and the other an ancient field boundary, presumed to have been formerly a plough balk or a footway.

It was manifest that this laying out of land amounting to 181,000 acres could not have been the result of chance, but must have been carried out at a time when the soil was mostly in its primitive condition, by a conquering race who had seized it, and who were accompanied by skilled land measurers. All this pointed unmistakably to the Romans and their corps of agrimensores, trained in applied geometry and using scientific instruments. The writings of the Gromatici Veteres were next consulted for information as to the manner in which Roman lands were surveyed and laid out, and it is worthy of note that one of the most eminent of these writers was Sextus Frontinus, Propraetor over Britain from a. d. 74. Among the more enduring bench or land marks used by Roman surveyors were mounds of earth (up to the size of a small haystack), stones, and trenches, and in these three respects important discoveries have been made in the county. A mound (botontinus) is to be seen both in Cranford and in Syon parks, also at Hampstead, Stanmore, Hadley—where there are two—and just out of the county at Salthill, Slough. Two others have not long ago been levelled, one by Bushy Park and the other at Hillingdon, while local names apparently preserve the sites of half a dozen more. Four stones are still in situ; two marked on old maps no longer exist, and the former positions of several others can be located. Two trenches are still to be seen.

A map showed that these boundary marks and the remnants of the oriented ways were naturally co-related, that each district had been of nearly equal area, rectangular in form, and contained by a boundary line, the course of which was disclosed by the botontini and stones. It was also seen that these districts or pagi were in general identical in area with those of the later hundreds of the Saxon period, as set forth in Domesday. From the orientation of the pagi, the territorium of the Londinium canton appeared to extend from the foot of the Chiltern hills across Middlesex and into Essex; the pagi had been laid out by lines (quintarii) crossing one another at right angles, and so forming possessae, each of which according to the text-book, and in fact, contained 1,300 jugera equal to 810 statute acres. These in turn could be divided into 25 laterculi or small centuriae of 50 jugera lying in rows of five, plus an area equal to a centuria distributable over a possessa for lanes and paths. This provision, equal to one-{491}twenty-fifth of a surveyed area, was later on found to have an important bearing when comparing the total acreage of the Roman and Domesday surveys of the county, for the latter did not include road surface. A side of this square centuria measured 120 Roman poles or 388 yards, and five of them lining the face of a possessa accounted for those five successive equal intervals formed by crossways which were noticed upon a Middlesex road between Greenford and Ealing as above mentioned."

http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXXIII/CXXXII/489.citation

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_2_1489

http://www.uea.ac.uk/~jwmp/NAHRG04.pdf

On Ancient Chinese Towns

Sculpture of lion with three cubs from Dadu, discovered underneath the Ming era city wall, now on display in the Beijing Stone Carving Museum

Courtesy: Shizhao, Wikipedia    

Khanbaliq or Dadu  refers to a city which is the core of Beijing.   Dadu or Ta-Tu (大都, pinyin: Dàdū, Wade-Giles: Ta-tu), means "great capital" or "grand capital" in Chinese, the name for the capital of the Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan in China, and was called Daidu by the Mongols, which was a transliteration directly from the Chinese. It is known as Khanbaliq (汗八里), also spelled as Khanbalikh in Turkic languages, meaning "Great residence of the Khan", and Marco Polo wrote of it as Cambaluc.

On Khanbalik and other Chinese Towns, see please:

A possible role of sunrise/sunset azimuth in the planning of ancient Chinese towns by  A.C. Sparavigna,
PORTO POLITO, http://porto.polito.it/2519296/

Nosce te ipsum

"Il Gnôr Grassiadiô e il Gnôr Côlômbô erano due amici-nemici che, secondo la leggenda, abitarono per tempo immemorabile a fronte a fronte, sui due lati di uno stretto vicolo della città di Moncalvo. Il Gnôr Grassiadiô era massone e ricchissimo: si vergognava un poco di essere ebreo, ed aveva sposato una gôià, e cioè una cristiana, dai capelli biondi lunghi fino al suolo, che gli metteva le corna. Questa gôià, benché appunto gôià, si chiamava Magna Ausilia, il che indica un certo grado di accettazione da parte degli epigoni; era figlia di un capitano di mare, che aveva regalato al Gnôr Grassiadiô un grosso pappagallo di tutti i colori che veniva dalle Guyane, e diceva in latino "Conosci te stesso". Il Gnôr Côlômbò era povero e mazziniano: quando arrivò il pappagallo, si era comperata una cornacchia tutta spelacchiata e le aveva insegnato a parlare. Quando il pappagallo diceva "Nosce te ipsum" la cornacchia rispondeva "Fate furb", "fatti furbo"."
da Il Sistema Periodico, di Primo Levi
http://areeweb.polito.it/strutture/cemed/sistemaperiodico/s16/e16_1_02.html

Gnôr Grassiadiô and Gnôr Côlômbô were two friendly enemies who, according to the legend, had lived from time immemorial face to face on the two sides of an alleyway in the town of Moncalvo. Gnôr Grassiadiô was a Mason and very rich. He was a bit ashamed of being a Jew and had married a goyà, that is, a Christian, with blond hair so long it touched the ground, who cuckolded him. This goyà, although really a goyà, was called Magna Ausilia, which indicates a certain degree of acceptance on the part of the epigones; she was the daughter of a sea captain who had presented Gnôr Grassiadiô with a large, varicolored parrot which came from Guyana and would say in Latin, “Know thyself.” Gnôr Côlômbô was poor and a Mazzinian. When the parrot arrived he bought a crow without a feather on its back and taught it to speak. When the parrot croaked, “Nosce te ipsum,” the crow answered, “Wise up.“
Primo Levi - The Periodic Table
Translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal

The Remarkable Properties of Mythological Social Networks | MIT Technology Review

"Today,  P J Miranda at the Federal Technological University of Paraná in Brazil and a couple of pals study the social network between characters in Homer’s ancient Greek poem, the Odyssey. Their conclusion is that this social network bears remarkable similarities to Facebook, Twitter and the like and that this may offer an important clue about the origin of this ancient story."
The Remarkable Properties of Mythological Social Networks | MIT Technology Review