It could be surprising, but probably the Roman Army had a rangefinder. It was the Roman Dodecahedron (I have already discussed it in some posts and papers: on arXiv, where I am explaining how it can be used for measuring distance as a rangefinder, http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.6497 ).
For me, those dodecahedrons having a structure with holes of different sizes, are military instruments to evaluate distances for ballistics. It is simple to use. Of course, later, during the Middle Age, different instruments had been developed for surveying: the dodecahedron was of the Roman Army, and, probably, its use lost after the collpase of the Empire. See also "Ancient and Modern Rangefinders", on arXiv, http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.2078 and on SCIRP http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=23245