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Benvenuti in queste pagine dedicate a scienza, storia ed arte. Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, Torino

Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

Friday, July 8, 2011

Sandstorm on Phoenix

Phoenix Dusts Off After Giant Sandstorm Whips Through
More http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/us/07dust.html

See the video (courtesy: http://www.mikeolbinski.com/ and http://www.krazywake.com/)
Amazing video by two photographers - Mike Olbinski and Blaine Coury - in Arizona.
 A wall of dust is moving on Phoenix in Arizona. 

Thursday, June 30, 2011

Plant a New Language in Your Garden

"A world memory champion and a neuroscientist have joined forces to create a language-learning website called Memrise, which combines mnemonic tricks with a game to help users learn quickly and efficiently. Its carefully paced learning structure and competitive points system, the app's developers believe, make their site more effective than other language-learning tools. Memrise makes learning a game with virtual gardens that users must tend. As they do, they also earn points and thereby fight their way up a community-wide leaderboard."
Plant a New Language in Your Mind - Technology Review

Being a red blood cell

"Nanoparticles disguised as red blood cells could be used to deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to a tumour. So say researchers at the University of California at San Diego, whose new technique is unique in its approach to harnessing nanoparticles."
Nanoparticles play at being red blood cells - physicsworld.com

Aircrafts make clouds rain

"For more than 50 years it has been known that aircraft can punch large holes or carve out canals inside clouds as they pass through them – but no-one had been able to explain exactly why this happens. Now researchers in the US have identified the cause by comparing satellite images of clouds with the results of computer modelling. They say that the phenomenon could lead to extra precipitation in the vicinity of major airports."
Aircraft punch holes in clouds and make it rain - physicsworld.com

Tuesday, June 14, 2011

On sunspots and solar flux

Recurrence plots of sunspots, solar flux and irradiance
by AC Sparavigna
The paper shows the recurrence and cross recurrence plots of three time series, concerning data of the solar activity. The data are the sunspot number and the values of solar radio flux at 10.7 cm and of solar total irradiance, which are known as highly correlated. To compare the series, the radio flux and irradiance values are monthly averaged. Recurrence plots display the oscillating behaviour with remarkable features. Moreover, cross recurrence plots help in identifying time lags between the sunspot number maximum and the maximum of radio or irradiance signals, in circumstances where the data values are highly dispersed. Image processing is useful too, in enhancing the monitoring. An interesting behaviour is displayed by cross recurrence plots of irradiance, which are not symmetric with respect to the line of identity.

Hygroscopic properties of volcanic ash

Hygroscopic properties of volcanic ash
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38, L11802, 4 PP., 2011
doi:10.1029/2011GL047298
by  P. Kumar T. L. Lathem A. Nenes J. Dufek I. N. Sokolik M. Trail A. Russell
Volcanic ash is hygroscopic
Water vapor adsorption is the main proceess controlling ash hygroscopicity
The results can be parameterized in a simple correlation for use in models
"Limited observational data exists on the physical interactions between volcanic ash particles and water vapor; yet it is thought that these interactions can strongly impact the microphysical evolution of ash, with implications for its atmospheric lifetime and transport, as well as formation of water and ice clouds. ...The hygroscopicity of the ash particles is quantified by their ability to uptake water and nucleate into cloud drops under controlled levels of water vapor supersaturation. Evidence presented strongly suggests that ash uptakes water efficiently via adsorption and a simple parameterization of ash hygroscopicity is developed for use in ash plume and atmospheric models."

Shrinking atmospheric layer linked to low levels of solar radiation

Changes in the solar energy output may cause the outer atmosphere to contract.
Researches are also showing that solar cycling has differences in the minimum values.
Shrinking atmospheric layer linked to low levels of solar radiation

Friday, May 20, 2011

Unbound planets could abound in the universe

"Ten planets that appear to be drifting in interstellar space have been spotted by an international team of astronomers. The planets are so far from any host stars that they may not orbit a star at all, and could be drifting unbound through space. The team believes that such rogue planets could outnumber normal stars almost 2:1 and their existence could confirm computer simulations of solar-system formation."
Unbound planets could abound in the universe - physicsworld.com

Tuesday, May 17, 2011

Photosynthesis and the entanglement

"Recent studies have indeed suggested that electronic excitation transfer (EET) in photosynthesis benefits from quantum entanglement. ... To model the photosynthesis that occurs in plants, Briggs and Eisfeld study a collection of monomers, each possessing a single electronic state and coupled to its neighboring units by a dipolar interaction. The authors find that for dipolar interactions similar to those found in real molecular aggregates, the coherences in quantum transport (from the Schrödinger equation) are identical to those occurring in classical transport according to Newton’s equation."
Photosynthesis disentangled?

Thursday, May 5, 2011

Polymers for neural implants

Polymers for Neural Implants
by Christina Hassler, Tim Boretius, Thomas Stieglitz
The paper is discussing neural implants, technical systems that restore sensory or motor functions after injury and modulate neural behavior in neuronal diseases. According to the abstract the interface between the nervous tissue and the technical material is the place that determines success or failure of the neural implant. Polymers are the most common material class for substrate and insulation materials in combination with metals for interconnection wires and electrode sites. The paper focuses on the neuro-technical interface and summarizes its fundamental specifications first. The most common polymer materials are presented and described in detail. An overview is proposed also, of the different applications and their specific designs with the accompanying manufacturing processes.
2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym
Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 18–33, 2011

Wednesday, May 4, 2011

Seawater creates neurotoxins


A relatively harmless inorganic form of mercury found worldwide in ocean water is transformed into a potent neurotoxin in the seawater itself. ... "After two years of testing water samples across the Arctic Ocean, the researchers found that relatively harmless inorganic mercury, released from human activities such as industry and coal burning, undergoes a process called methylation and becomes deadly monomethylmercury."
Sea turns harmless form of mercury into potent neurotoxin | News | The Engineer

Sunday, May 1, 2011

SETI forced to close

"The multi-million dollar American Seti Institute has fallen victim to government cuts.
It has had to shut down a series of telescopes that have been scanning the universe for extra-terrestrial communications."
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13223633

Friday, April 29, 2011

Spherical symmetry

Everything is the same in all directions (as if on the surface of a sphere).


Da un libro sulle simmetrie

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

Crabs use stats

News in Science
Crabs use stats to dodge predators
Monday, 18 April 2011 Anna Salleh
ABC


Fiddler crabs can't see very well so they have to use statistical calculations to distinguish between swooping predators and harmless passing insects, say researchers.

I granchi e la statistica

"I granchi della famiglia Ocypodidae, per via della loro scarsa capacità visiva, sono in grado di calcolare la probabilità che l'oggetto che stanno osservando possa essere un predatore... Gli occhi di questi granchi sono dotati di una bassissima risoluzione, pari a circa un totale di 8.000 pixel per ogni occhio.... A questa risoluzione, un predatore come un uccello è visibile sotto forma di un semplice e insignificante puntino scuro, e non è possibile distinguere se si tratta di un animale innocuo o potenzialmente pericoloso.  Per ovviare alla loro ridotta capacità visiva, i granchi hanno quindi elaborato una strategia che consente loro di calcolare la probabilità che uno di questi puntini scuri possa essere un predatore." by Dita di Fulmine
http://www.ditadifulmine.com/2011/04/granchi-usano-statistica-per-rilevare.html

Thursday, April 21, 2011

Frost mitigation

Very interesting paper on raised fields and their physics (in English and Spanish).

Modelling nocturnal heat dynamics and frost mitigation in Andean raised field systemsJ.-P. Lhomme, J.-J. Vacher, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 112 (2002) 179–193
The abstract is telling that the raised fields system is an old technique of soil and water management dating back to prehispanic time. Very common in the Lake Titicaca region, it essentially consists of a series of earth platforms on which crops are grown, surrounded by water canals connected to inlet and outlet ditches. A  widely recognised benefit of this is its contribution to frost mitigation during the growing season. The paper presents a physical process-based model is presented to explain the role played by the canals in the nocturnal heat dynamics and the cold mitigation process. The model shows that greater heat flux emanating from the canals and greater water condensation on the crop both contribute to the mitigation effect.

 La Mitigación de Heladas en Los Camellones del Altiplano andino, Bull. Inst. fr. études andines, 2003, 32 (2): 377-399, Jean-Paul  Lhomme,  Jean Joinville  Vacher
Abstract: "El sistema de camellones o “waru warus” es una antigua técnica agrícola de manejo del suelo y del agua. En los tiempos prehispánicos era muy frecuente en la región del lago Titicaca. Consiste esencialmente en una serie de plataformas de tierra rodeadas por canales de agua. Las plantas se cultivan sobre las plataformas y el nivel del agua en los canales puede controlarse a través de entradas y salidas de agua. Un beneficio importante y ampliamente reconocido de este sistema de manejo en el altiplano es su contribución a la mitigación de heladas nocturnas durante la campaña agrícola. Con el objetivo de cuantificar este fenómeno y describir los procesos físicos  responsables de la mitigación, se ha realizado  un experimento en la región del lago Titicaca sobre un sistema de camellones cultivado con papas comparándolo con una parcela “testigo”
en la “Pampa”. Se presentan resultados experimentales que evidencian por una parte, el valor elevado de la temperatura del agua con respecto a la del cultivo sobre las plataformas, y por otra, una temperatura de cultivo siempre mayor (1-2 grados) en los camellones que en la Pampa. Conjuntamente se presenta un modelo mecanístico adaptado de un esquema de transferencia bicapa de tipo “Shuttleworth-Wallace” (una capa de vegetación y un sustrato de agua). El modelo precisa el papel que juegan los canales en la dinámica del calor y por lo tanto en la variación de la temperatura del cultivo durante la noche. El efecto de mitigación se debe al flujo de calor que emana del agua y a menudo también a la condensación del vapor de agua sobre las hojas del cultivo. Utilizando el modelo de manera predictiva, se muestra que canales más anchos o
plataformas más estrechas tienen un impacto positivo sobre la temperatura mínima del cultivo alcanzada durante la noche. Aumentar la profundidad del agua mejora también la mitigación de heladas, pero a la inversa, un canal más profundo (con el mismo nivel de agua) tiene un impacto negativo. Aumentar el índice de área foliar (LAI) o la altura del cultivo tiene un efecto positivo sobre la mitigación de heladas (el beneficio marginal, sin embargo, es muy pequeño cuando el índice foliar supera el valor 1). Mayor velocidad de viento o mayor humedad relativa incrementa también el efecto de mitigación de heladas."
http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/32(2)/377.pdf

Wednesday, April 20, 2011

Rogue Waves

"The storm was nothing special. Its waves rocked the Norwegian Dawn just enough so that bartenders on the cruise ship turned to the usual palliative — free drinks.
Then, off the coast of Georgia, early on Saturday, April 16, 2005, a giant, seven-story wave appeared out of nowhere. It crashed into the bow, sent deck chairs flying, smashed windows, raced as high as the 10th deck, flooded 62 cabins, injured 4 passengers and sowed widespread fear and panic."
From
"Rogue Giants at Sea", by W.J. Broad
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11wave.html?8dpc

Monday, April 18, 2011

Moth-Eye Structures for Broadband Antireflection


Appl. Phys. Express 3 (2010) 102602 (3 pages)  |Previous Article| |Next Article|  |Table of Contents|
|Full Text PDF: FREE (763K)|

Hybrid Moth-Eye Structures for Enhanced Broadband Antireflection Characteristics


The authors are proposing hybrid moth-eye structures to have high antireflection propoerties. These structures can be applied to solar cells for high light -to-electricity cinversione efficiency



URL: http://apex.jsap.jp/link?APEX/3/102602/
DOI: 10.1143/APEX.3.102602

The trash vortex

"The trash vortex is an area the size of Texas in the North Pacific in which an estimated six kilos of plastic for every kilo of natural plankton, along with other slow degrading garbage, swirls slowly around like a clock, choked with dead fish, marine mammals, and birds who get snared. Some plastics in the gyre will not break down in the lifetimes of the grandchildren of the people who threw them away."
The trash vortex | Greenpeace International
"Il Pacific Trash Vortex, noto anche come Grande chiazza di immondizia del Pacifico (Great Pacific Garbage Patch), è un enorme accumulo di spazzatura galleggiante (composto soprattutto da plastica) situato nell'Oceano Pacifico, approssimativamente fra il 135º e il 155º meridiano Ovest e fra il 35º e il 42º parallelo Nord. La sua estensione non è nota con precisione: le stime vanno da 700.000 km² fino a più di 10 milioni di km² ... ovvero tra lo 0,41% e il 5,6% dell'Oceano Pacifico. ... L'accumulo si è formato a partire dagli anni cinquanta, a causa dell'azione della corrente oceanica chiamata Vortice subtropicale del Nord Pacifico (North Pacific Subtropical Gyre), dotata di un particolare movimento a spirale in senso orario, che permette ai rifiuti galleggianti di aggregarsi fra di loro.
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Trash_Vortex

Thursday, April 14, 2011

Stellar vibrations

"Scientists have long known that the atmosphere of the Sun oscillates. In the same way seismologists use earthquakes to model the interior of the Earth, helioseismologists use vibrations observed on the Sun to probe deeper into our star. Oscillations of about 25 other stars have also been studied in the emerging field of asteroseismology. Now, thanks to the Kepler space telescope, a team led by Bill Chaplin, at the University of Birmingham, UK, has increased this figure significantly."
Kepler picks up stellar vibrations - physicsworld.com